They are composed of phospholipid bilayers which enclose a distinct aqueous space, thereby allowing encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds ( Metselaar and Storm, 2005). Liposomes are a type of nanocarrier that have been widely investigated for drug-delivery purposes. In this review, we will discuss the advantages and limitations of available imaging techniques used to evaluate liposomal formulations. Appropriate imaging techniques provide important details regarding the morphological characteristics of nanoparticles, and should be used in conjunction with other methods to assess physicochemical parameters. Despite the great importance of the morphology of nanoparticles, it is generally not well-characterized and is difficult to control. There are a number of physical characteristics of liposomes that determine their in vivo behavior, including size, surface characteristics, lamellarity, and homogeneity. Controlling and validating the morphology of nanoparticles is of key importance for the effective clinical translation of liposomal formulations. There are currently a number of imaging techniques available for evaluating the morphology of liposomes and other nanoparticles, with each having its own advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when interpreting data. 4School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.2Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.1School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.Smith 1, Ameha Woldu 3 and Susan Hua 1,3* Dastoor 2, Jamie Flynn 1,3, William Palmer 3,4, Antony Martin 3,4, Doug W.
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